The Sengoku period (c. 1467–1615), or "Warring States" period, was a tumultuous era in Japanese history marked by near-constant civil war, social upheaval, and political intrigue. Triggered by the decline of the Ashikaga Shogunate and the Ōnin War, power shifted to local warlords known as daimyo, culminating in the country's unification by three great leaders: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.

The Azuchi–Momoyama period (安土桃山時代, Azuchi–Momoyama jidai[a]) was the final phase of the Sengoku period (戦国時代, Sengoku jidai) in Japanese history from 1568 to 1600.

The Muromachi period (1336–1573) was a Japanese era of political instability under the Ashikaga shogunate, defined by the Northern/Southern court conflict, the rise of powerful daimyo, and the subsequent Sengoku period. Despite constant civil war, it was a major cultural flowering, producing Zen-influenced arts like Noh theater, ink painting, and the tea ceremony. Kimono Tea ceremony KYOTO MAIKOYA

The Kamakura period (1185–1333) marked the beginning of Japanese medieval history, characterized by the rise of the warrior class (samurai) and the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, the country's first military government (bakufu). Minamoto no Yoritomo founded the shogunate, shifting power from the imperial court in Kyoto to military leaders in Kamakura. 

The Nara period (710–794 AD) was a pivotal era in Japanese history, marked by the establishment of the first permanent capital, Heijō-kyō (modern-day Nara), modeled on the Chinese Tang dynasty capital. This period saw intense Sinicization, the rise of Buddhism as a state religion, the construction of the Great Buddha, and the production of foundational literary works like the Kojiki.

The Heian period (794–1185) was a "golden age" of classical Japanese culture, art, and literature, marked by the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). While the Emperor reigned, the Fujiwara clan held actual power through marriage politics. The era saw the rise of the samurai class and ended with the Genpei War.

Maria Theresa Born: May 13, 1717, Hofburg, Vienna, Austria Hofburg, Vienna, Austria Children: Marie Antoinette, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Maria Carolina of Austria Grandchildren: Marie Thérèse of France, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis XVII · See more Great grandchildren: Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Ferdinand I of Austria · See more Spouse: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (1736–1765)

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (Francis Stephen of Lorraine) (1708–1765) He was born Francis Stephen and was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1745 to 1765. He was the husband of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria. He is known for being the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. He was the last non-Habsburg monarch of the Holy Roman Empire.

Marie Antoinette, an Austrian princess born in 1755, married the French heir Louis-Auguste, becoming Queen of France when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI. Her life was defined by a lavish lifestyle

King of Great Britain and Ireland[a] Elector/King of Hanover[b] Reign 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820 Coronation 22 September 1761 Predecessor George II Successor George IV Regent George, Prince of Wales (1811‍–‍1820) Born 4 June 1738 [NS][c] Norfolk House, London, England Died 29 January 1820 (aged 81) Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England Burial 16 February 1820 Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ​ ​(m. 1761; died 1818)​ Issue Detail George IV Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany William IV Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Princess Augusta Sophia Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Princess Sophia Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Princess Amelia Names George William Frederick House Hanover Father Frederick, Prince of Wales Mother Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Religion Anglicanism[1] Signature Handwritten "George" with a huge leading "G" and a large capital "R" at the end for "Rex" George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms,

The Princesse de Lamballe (born Marie-Thérèse Louise of Savoy) was an Italian noblewoman and the intimate confidante of Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Life and Role at Court Early Life and Marriage: Born on September 8, 1749, in Turin, Italy, she was a member of the House of Savoy. In 1767, she married Louis Alexandre de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Prince de Lamballe, the heir to one of France's greatest fortunes. Her husband died just a year later, leaving her a wealthy young widow. Confidante of the Queen: Following her husband's death, she came to the French royal court and became close friends with the young Dauphine, Marie Antoinette. When Marie Antoinette became queen in 1774, she appointed the Princesse de Lamballe as the Superintendent of the Queen's Household, the highest-ranking lady-in-waiting position. Political Role: The Princesse's apartments in the Tuileries Palace became a meeting place for the queen and royalist sympathizers in the National Assembly during the early years of the Revolution, where they discussed ways to support the monarchy. Contrary to her public image as a simple confidante, she was a cultured and intelligent woman who was also the Grand Mistress of all French masonic ladies' lodges, believing in the order's potential for social improvement.

George IV was the King of the United Kingdom from 1820 until his death in 1830, and also served as Prince Regent for his father, King George III, from 1811 to 1820. He is known for his extravagant lifestyle as a prince, the Regency Era during which the Napoleonic Wars concluded, and his later role as king, which is remembered for the expansion of Britain's influence and his patronage of the arts. He was the son of King George III and Queen Charlotte, and was succeeded by his younger brother, William IV.  As Prince and Regent Regency Era: George became Prince Regent in 1811 when his father, King George III, suffered a mental illness. This period is known as the Regency Era, which saw the final defeat of Napoleon. Extravagant lifestyle: As a prince, he led a lavish and extravagant life, contributing to the fashion and style of the Regency period. He was known for his love of parties, gambling, and building projects like the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Intellectual abilities: Despite his reputation for indulgence, he was also an intelligent man who spoke multiple languages and had a passion for art and architecture.  As King Reign: He became King of the United Kingdom in 1820 and reigned until his death in 1830. Role in government: He generally allowed his prime minister to handle the day-to-day affairs of state, a role that saw the growing power of Parliament. Key accomplishments: He supported the passage of the Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which granted Catholics more rights in Ireland. He also developed the ceremonial side of the monarchy and undertook major building projects, including extensive renovations of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. Personal life: His marriage to Princess Caroline of Brunswick was a failure. He was also a patron of arts and architecture, commissioning architect John Nash for projects like Regent Street and Regent's Park. 

Yolande de Polastron, Duchess of Polignac (Yolande Martine Gabrielle; 8 September 1749 – 9 December 1793) was the favourite of Marie Antoinette, whom she met when she was presented at the Palace of Versailles in 1775, the year after Marie Antoinette became the Queen of France. She was considered one of the great beauties of pre-Revolutionary society, but her extravagance and exclusivity earned her many enemies.[1][2] Born 8 September 1749 Paris, France Died 9 December 1793 (aged 44) Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire Spouse Jules de Polignac ​(m. 1767)​ Issue Aglaé de Polignac Armand de Polignac Jules de Polignac Camille de Polignac Father Jean François Gabriel de Polastron, Duc de Polastron Mother Jeanne Charlotte Hérault

Reign 18 August 1765 – 20 February 1790 Coronation 3 April 1764 Frankfurt Cathedral Predecessor Francis I Successor Leopold II Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia Reign 18 August 1765 – 20 February 1790 Predecessor Maria Theresa and Francis I Successor Leopold VII & II Co-ruler Maria Theresa (1765–1780) King of Galicia and Lodomeria Reign 5 August 1772 – 20 February 1790 Successor Leopold II Co-ruler Maria Theresa (1772–1780) Born 13 March 1741 Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire Died 20 February 1790 (aged 48) Vienna, Archduchy of Austria Burial Imperial Crypt Spouses Isabella of Parma ​ ​(m. 1760; died 1763)​ Maria Josepha of Bavaria ​ ​(m. 1765; died 1767)​ Issue Archduchess Maria Theresa Archduchess Maria Christina Names Josephus Benedictus Joannes Antonius Michael Adamus House Habsburg-Lorraine Father Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Mother Maria Theresa Religion Catholic Church Signature Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism like his brother Leopold II; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, despite making some territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has been ranked with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs. False but influential letters depict him as a somewhat more radical philosophe than he probably was. His policies are now known as Josephinism. He was a supporter of the arts, particularly of composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri. He died with no known surviving legitimate offspring and was succeeded by his younger brother Leopold II.

English version Madame du Barry was the last official mistress of King Louis XV of France, Born Jeanne Bécu, she was noticed by the king for her beauty and charm, which led to her becoming his mistress and being granted the title "Comtesse du Barry". Early life: Jeanne Bécu was born in Lorraine, France, to a seamstress mother, Anne Bécu. Her father is unknown, but some claim he was a friar. She known to be associated with powerful people in the court. Rise to power: Through her connections, she was introduced to King Louis XV, who quickly became infatuated with her. To make her a proper mistress, the king arranged for her to marry a nobleman, Count Guillaume du Barry, who was a friend of the king's advisor. Life as Louis XV's mistress: As the official mistress, she gained significant influence at court, though this was not without controversy. Her extravagant spending and her public displays of affection towards the King led to widespread criticism.

Born Jeanne Bécu 19 August 1743 Vaucouleurs, Kingdom of France Died 8 December 1793 (aged 50) Paris, French First Republic Buried Madeleine Cemetery Spouse Comte Guillaume du Barry ​ ​(m. 1768)​ Signature In 1768, when the king wished to make Jeanne maîtresse-en-titre, etiquette required her to be the wife of a high courtier, so she was hastily married on 1 September 1768 to Comte Guillaume du Barry. The wedding ceremony was accompanied by a false birth certificate created by Jean-Baptiste du Barry, the comte's older brother. The certificate made Jeanne appear younger by three years and obscured her poor background. Henceforth, she was recognised as the king's official paramour.[1] Her arrival at the French royal court scandalised some, because she had been a courtesan and came from humble beginnings. She was shunned by many including Marie Antoinette, whose contempt for Jeanne caused alarm and dissension at court. On New Year's Day 1772, Marie Antoinette deigned to speak to Jeanne; her remark, "There are many people at Versailles today",[2] was enough to take the edge off the dispute, though many still disapproved of Jeanne. Decades later, during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, Jeanne was imprisoned over accusations of treason by her servant Zamor. She was executed by guillotine on 8 December 1793. Her body was buried in the Madeleine Cemetery. The fabulous gems which she had smuggled to London were sold at auction in 1795.

Young Isaac Newton's early life was marked by his father's death before his birth and his mother remarrying and leaving him with his grandmother. He was not initially a stellar student and was pulled from school to work on the family farm, but his intellectual talents were recognized, and he eventually attended Cambridge University in 1661. A plague outbreak forced him to return home in 1665, where he used the time to develop his groundbreaking theories on calculus, light, and gravity.  Early childhood Born in Woolsthorpe, England, on January 4, 1643 (December 25, 1642, Old Style). His father died three months before he was born. When he was three, his mother remarried and left him to be raised by his maternal grandmother. He was a solitary child with an early interest in mechanical devices and models. 

The Stuart Restoration was the reinstatement in May 1660 of the Stuart monarchy in England, Scotland, and Ireland. It replaced the Commonwealth of England, established in January 1649 after the execution of Charles I, with his son Charles II. Start date 1660 End date 1688